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29. What is the difference between DDR-I and DDR-II?
DDR2 is the successor to DDR RAM. DDR 2 incorporates several technological upgrades to computer system memory, as well as an enhanced data rate.DDR 2 is capable of achieving twice the data transfer rate of DDR-I memory because of its higher clock speed. It operates at a lower voltage than DDR-I as well: 1.8 volts instead of 2.5.

30. Which is the latest DDR version? Which processor of Intel will support it?
The latest DDR version is DDR-III. Intel’s all latest processors such as Core i3,i5 and i7 will support it.

31. What are VRAM and SGRAM?
VRAM is Video Random Access Memory. Video adapter or video system uses VRAM. VRAM is dual ported. It is costly. But SGRAM is not dual ported and not costly. It is a less expensive approach to graphics functions. Most commonly all low cost graphics cards are using it.

32. What is SODIMM memory module?
Small outline dual in-line memory module (SODIMM or SO-DIMM. is a type of random access memory (RAM). It is a smaller version of a dual in-line memory module (DIMM).It is the type of the memory module can be used in laptop.

33. Which is the memory packaging suitable for a sub-note book system?
Micro DIMM

34. What is ECC/EPP?
EPP/ECP (Enhanced Parallel Port/Enhanced Capability Port. is a standard signaling method for bi-directional parallel communication between a computer and peripheral devices that offers the potential for much higher rates of data transfer than the original parallel signaling methods. EPP is for non-printer peripherals. ECP is for printers and scanners. EPP/ECP is part of IEEE Standard 1284.

35. What is over clocking?
Over clocking is the process of forcing a computer component to run at a higher clock rate.

36. What is memory bank?
Sets of physical memory modules is referred to as memory banks. A memory bank serves as a repository for data, allowing data to be easily entered and retrieved.

37. What we need to consider before connecting a memory to the system?
a. Capacity of the RAM required
b. Check if installed memory is supported by motherboard and processor
c. Form factor of the RAM
d. Type of RAM needed
e. Warranty of the RAM

38. What is Upgrading the memory?
Adding a memory module to the existing bank on the available slot or replacing the previous one with the increased memory size is also called upgrading memory. This will surely increase the performance of the computer.

39. What is BIOS beep code? What it does mean?
BIOS beep codes are the signs of different issues of the computer. The beep code may vary depends on the manufacture of BIOS. For example in case of Award BIOS the beep code will be,
1 long beep- shows memory problem
1 long beep and 2 short beeps- failure of DRAM parity
1 log beep and 3 short beeps- signifies Video error
Continuous beep- signifies failure in memory or Video memory.

40. What are Solid State Drive means?
A solid-state drive (SSD), sometimes called a solid-state disk or electronic disk, is a data storage device that uses solid-state memory to store data. SSDs use microchips which retain data in non-volatile memory chips and contain no moving parts. Compared to electromechanical HDDs, SSDs are typically less susceptible to physical shock, are silent, have lower access time and latency, but are more expensive per gigabyte (GB).

41. What is RDRAM?
Short for RAMBUS DRAM, a type of memory (DRAM. developed by Rambus, Inc.

42. What is SIMM? Is it is using now?
Acronym for Single In line Memory Module, a small circuit board that can hold a group of memory chips. Typically, SIMMs hold up to eight (on Macintoshes. or nine (on PCs. RAM chips. On PCs, the ninth chip is often used for parity error checking. Unlike memory chips, SIMMs are measured in bytes rather than bits.
Now a days this memory module is not used.

43. Why do we call motherboard a motherboard?
Motherboard is the basic integrated board of the computer on which all other components are connected. So that usually we call motherboard a “motherboard”.

44. What is motherboard? What are the different types of it?
Motherboard is the basic integrated board of the computer on which all other components are connected. This is classified mainly into three Desktop, Laptop and Server motherboard.

45. What is the difference between integrated and non-integrated motherboard?
In integrated motherboard all of the external ports will be present. But in case of non-integrated motherboard only some important ports will be available instead of all. The non-integrated motherboard is an old type of motherboard which now a day’s not commonly available.

46. How a server motherboard different from a desktop?
A server motherboard is different from a desktop in features and performance. The number of processor support, RAM slots ,Expansion card slots etc…are more. For example the Intel® Server Board S5000PSL has the performance and features for growing businesses demand. It provides excellent data protection, and advanced data management. It support 64-bit Multi-Core Intel® Xeon® processor. Eight fully buffered 533/667 MHz DIMMs. Up to six SATA 3Gb/s ports.

47. What is form factor of motherboard?
The form factor of a motherboard determines the specifications for its general shape and size. It also specifies what type of case and power supply will be supported, the placement of mounting holes, and the physical layout and organization of the board. Form factor is especially important if you build your own computer systems and need to ensure that you purchase the correct case and components.

48. What is ATX? How it is different from AT? Which is using now?
AT is a short for advanced technology, the AT is an IBM PC model introduced in 1984. It includes an Intel 80286 microprocessor, a 1.2MB floppy drive, and an 84-key AT keyboard. The ATX form factor specified changes to the motherboard, along with the case and power supply. Some of the design specification improvements of the ATX form factor included a single 20-pin connector for the power supply, a power supply to blow air into the case instead of out for better air flow, less overlap between the motherboard and drive bays, and integrated I/O Port connectors soldered directly onto the motherboard. The ATX form factor was an overall better design for upgrading.

49. What is the need of expansion slot in motherboard?
Alternatively referred to as an expansion port, an expansion slot is a slot located inside a computer on the motherboard or riser board that allows additional boards to be connected to it.

50. What is PCI slot? How is different from PCI Express (PCI-E)?
Short for PERIPHERAL COMPONENT INTERCONNECT, a local bus standard developed by Intel Corporation. PCI Express (Peripheral Component Interconnect Express), officially abbreviated as PCIe, is a computer expansion card standard designed to replace the older PCI, PCI-X, and AGP bus standards.

51. What is AGP slot? What is its use?
The Accelerated Graphics Port (often shortened to AGP. is a high-speed point-to-point channel for attaching a video card to a computer’s motherboard, primarily to assist in the acceleration of 3D computer graphics. Since 2004 AGP has been progressively phased out in favor of PCI Express (PCIe).

52. What is jumper? What is the need?
A metal bridge that closes an electrical circuit. Typically, a jumper consists of a plastic plug that fits over a pair of protruding pins. Jumpers are sometimes used to configure expansion boards. By placing a jumper plug over a different set of pins, you can change a board’s parameters.

53. What CMOS and CMOS battery?
Short for complementary metal oxide semiconductor. Pronounced see-moss. The CMOS chip holds the date, time, and system setup parameters. This chip is powered by a 3Volt CMOS battery.

54. What is chipset?
A number of integrated circuits designed to perform one or more related functions. This is one of the processing device in a computer.

55. Explain any three Intel chipset?
a. Intel P55 Express Chipset.-Desktop PC platforms based on the Intel® P55 Express Chipset combined with the Intel® Core™ i7-800 series processors and Intel® Core™ i5-700 series processors create intelligent performance for faster multi-tasking, digital media creation and gaming.
b. Intel HD55 Express Chipset- a new architecture designed to deliver quality, performance, and industry-leading I/O technologies on platforms powered by the Intel® Core™ i7-800, Intel® Core™ i5, and Intel® Core™ i3 processors.
c. Intel E7500 Chipset- a volume chipset supports dual-processor (DP. server systems optimized for the Intel® Xeon® processor.

56. Which is the chipset needed for Intel Core i7 and Core i5 processors?
Intel Core i7 900-series uses x58 chip set and Core i7 800-series and Core i5 processors runs on P55 chipset.

57. Which is the socket used by Intel Core i7 and i5 processors?
Intel Core i7 900-series uses LGA1366 socket and Core i5 CPUs–all three run on Intel’s latest P55 chipset and LGA1156 socket.
58. What are the motherboard manufacturing companies?
Intel, Gigabyte, ASUS, Mercury, HP, Acer, Biostar, Compaq, Digital, IBM, AMI.

59. Before upgrading/replacing a motherboard what you need to consider?
a. Power Connectors
b. Memory Support
c. Hard Disk Support
d. System Case

60. Can you upgrade motherboard?
Yes
61. One system is not starting, but the fan is working. What is the problem?

62. What is Intel LGA 1155 Socket?
LGA 1155, also called Socket H2, is an Intel microprocessor compatible socket which supports Intel Sandy Bridge and the up-coming Ivy Bridge microprocessors.LGA 1155 is designed as a replacement for the LGA 1156 (known as Socket H).

63. What is power supply unit?
A power supply unit (PSU. supplies direct current (DC. power to the other components in a computer. It converts general-purpose alternating current (AC. electric power from the mains to low-voltage (for a desktop computer: 12 V, 5 V, 5VSB, 3V3, -5 V, and -12 V. DC power for the internal components of the computer.

64. What are the different types of Form Factors of Power Supply?
AT , ATX, Flex ATX, Micro ATX etc…

65. What is NLX?
NLX (New Low Profile Extended. was a form factor proposed by Intel and developed jointly with IBM, DEC.

66. What is Switching Mode Power Supply?
A switched-mode power supply (switching-mode power supply, SMPS, or simply switcher. is an electronic power supply that incorporates a switching regulator in order to be highly efficient in the conversion of electrical power. Like other types of power supplies, an SMPS transfer power from a source like the electrical power grid to a load (e.g., a personal computer. while converting voltage and current characteristics. An SMPS is usually employed to efficiently provide a regulated output voltage, typically at a level different from the input voltage.

67. What is the use of Molex Power connector?
Molex is a four pin power connector found in SMPS. It is used to supply power to HDD, CD Drive, DVD Drive etc…

68. What is Berg (mini Molex. connector is used to….
To provide power to Floppy Disk Drive.

69. What are the different color cables found in Molex connector? What is the Power of it.
-12V –Blue, -5V –White, 0V –Black, +3.3V –Orange, +5V –Red, +12V –Yellow.

70. What are the methods used in a system for cooling?
a. Large System Case
b. Arrangement of Internal Components
c. Keeping the System Clean.
d. Proper Working of the System Case Fan.

71. Power supply fan is not working and it emits a lot of sound. What will the probable cause?
Most of the time this issue arises due to lots of dust is accumulated on the fan motor.

72. What is the capacity of a Floppy Disk?
1.44MB

73. Which is the medium used in a floppy for storing data?
Magnetic Media.

74. What is write protected notch in a floppy? What is its use?
This is a switch used to eliminate the accidental deletion of data from the floppy.

75. How many tracts and sectors found in a normal floppy dick?
80 tracks and 18 sectors.

76. Which is the file system of a floppy disk?
FAT

77. How can you format a floppy? What is happening if you do so?
Insert the floppy to the system and open my computer. There we can find the icon. Just right click and select format option. Otherwise we can use format command . Formatting a floppy will creates sectors and tracks on the floppy.

78. System is not showing floppy disk drive icon in Mycomputer.What will the probable cause?
The device is not detected or disabled.
79. I have inserted a new floppy disk into my drive. The data can be read. But not able to make modifications. Why?
The disk may be in write protected mode.

80. What is HDD? What are the different types available in the market now?
A hard disk drive (HDD; also hard drive or hard disk. is a non-volatile, random access digital magnetic data storage device. It is the secondary storage media. There are different types of hard disk, based on the the intefaces they used we can classify them as IDE, SATA, SCSI etc…

81. What is SATA?
Serial ATA (SATA or Serial Advanced Technology Attachment. is a computer bus interface for connecting host bus adapters to mass storage devices such as hard disk drives and optical drives. Serial ATA was designed to replace the older parallel ATA (PATA. standard (often called by the old name IDE), offering several advantages over the older interface: reduced cable size and cost (7 conductors instead of 40), native hot swapping, faster data transfer through higher signalling rates, and more efficient transfer through an (optional. I/O queuing protocol.

82. In Speed how SATA is different from IDE?
SATA- Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA. is high speed serial interface designed to replace IDE and EIDE drive standard SATA has a seven pin connector. SATA transfer speed of data up to 600 MB per second. Now a day use SATA.

IDE- Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE. it has a 40/80 pins connector. IDE transfer speed of data up to 100/133 MB per second few time ago mostly use IDE.

83. What is eSATA?
External Serial Advanced Technology Attachment or eSATA is an external interface for SATA technologies. eSATA cables are narrow and can be up to 6.56 feet (2 meters. in length. eSATA requires its own power connector. It is still an excellent choice for external disk storage.

84. What is SCSI? Is the SCSI Hard Disk is needed for a home purpose?
SCSI is Small Computer System Interface , is a type of interface used for computer components such as hard drives, optical drives, scanners and tape drives. SCSI is a faster, more robust technology than IDE amd SATA, and has traditionally been utilized in servers. Aside from speed, another great advantage over IDE and SATA is that the SCSI card can connect 15 or more devices in a daisy chain. The controller assigns each device its own SCSI ID, allowing for great flexibility towards expanding any system. It is more costly. It is not needed for a home purpose.

85. Is there is USB HDD? If yes what is the speed?
Yes. If your HDD is based on USB 3.0 it can offer a maximum transmission speed of up to 5 Gbit/s (640 MB/s), which is over 10 times faster than USB 2.0 (480 Mbit/s, or 60 MB/s).

86. What is IEEE 1394 Interface?
The IEEE 1394 interface is a serial bus interface standard for high-speed communications. The interface is also known by the brand names of FireWire (Apple), i.LINK (Sony), and Lynx (Texas Instruments). IEEE 1394 replaced parallel SCSI in many applications, because of lower implementation costs and a simplified, more adaptable cabling system. The original release of IEEE 1394-1995 specified what is now known as FireWire 400. It can transfer data between devices at 100, 200, or 400 Mbit/s. EEE 1394c-2006 was published on June 8, 2007 that provides 800 Mbit/s.